Priesthood definition according to lds.org, "The word priesthood has two meanings. First, priesthood is the power and authority of God. ... Through the priesthood, God created and governs the heavens and the earth. Through this power, He exalts His obedient children, bringing to pass “the immortality and eternal life of man” ( Moses 1:39; see also D&C 84:35–38).
Second, in mortality, priesthood is the power and authority that God gives to man to act in all things necessary for the salvation of God’s children. The blessings of the priesthood are available to all who receive the gospel. (“Priesthood Authority,” Handbook 2, Administering the Church)" (https://www.lds.org/topics/priesthood?lang=eng)
To me that means that the Priesthood is the power of God and permission and authority to use God's power. The Priesthood is required in order to perform any saving ordinance, like baptism or the Sacrament.
Now, back to the Old Testament. I'm going to talk mostly about the Levitical/Aaronic Priesthood and not the Melchizedek Priesthood. Jacob or Israel had 12 sons. The first was Reuben. Reuben had the birthright until he "uncovered the nakedness of his father". Then the second born was Simeon and third born was Levi. Simeon and Levi slaughtered a whole group of people because one of them had defiled their sister and then tried to make it right by marrying her, but Simeon and Levi wouldn't let it go and slaughtered a whole tribe/nation/town of people. The birthright is then passed on to Judah. Reuben, Simeon and Levi are all chastened when Jacob/Israel is giving blessings to his sons and decides to claim Ephraim and Manasseh (of Joseph) as his own. Later, after they have left Egypt by following Moses, all are given an inheritance except.... Levi. Levi is to be scattered throughout Israel and is to be servants to the rest of Israel. Granted Israel is supposed to take care of them but technically good slave owners took care of their slaves so they would be able to perform what their masters wanted of them, so I believe the Levites were in a similar position. They were to be taken care of, but that does not mean they have a lofty position and means to make money, but merely to be able to live and fulfill their purpose. So, this is the beginnings of the Priesthood. To me it comes across as more of a punishment. They had nothing to their name except by generosity of the tribes they lived among. They were to serve others. I feel Levi was given the Priesthood so they would learn to serve others. In other words, they needed to learn something from their assigned, humble position.
Jump forward to the mid 1800s. Blacks were denied the Priesthood. Actually I'm going to backtrack just for a moment. The Church was restored in 1820. Why? Didn't the people who lived between when the Apostles were on the Earth and 1820 deserve the Gospel and blessings of it? There was a speech called "Why 1820?" by I think Franklin R Covey that speculates as to why the Lord didn't restore His Church sooner. Without reading it too recently, what I remember is that the Church needed a country to establish religious freedom in order for it to survive a restoration. And the Church wasn't immediately restored after religious freedom was gained here, and even when it was restored, the Church struggled at first to survive. The Church was not popular and was persecuted. It was persecuted for its beliefs but also for polygamy. The Civil War was fought and before that Blacks were not recognized by this country as even a full person. How much more would the country have persecuted the Church if Blacks had the Priesthood? And even after the Civil War, things did not magically get better for the Blacks. They were persecuted for several more years before they had other rights. When the Black finally received the Priesthood they at least officially had the same rights as their White counterparts (even if there is still racism- which is a different matter, legally they should have the same rights now). I believe that the Lord has a purpose to His timing, and I believe that the conditions relating to Blacks in this country at least played a part in why the Lord waited. Just like the Lord waited to restore His Church, the Lord waited to give the Priesthood to all men.
Now, on to women and the Priesthood. Let's consider the nature of men and women. How many married women who step up and take over things in their marriage have spouses who try to fight them for leadership? How many men gladly take the back seat and allow the wife to lead in things when they want to? I know my husband would gladly let me be in charge of all household duties. If I took over making all the money he would gladly step back (and likely play video games in his new spare time, instead of doing what I do with our kids and around the house). Now, this is not true of all men, some will fight for the ability to lead, but most men need a responsibility in order to take charge. Giving men the Priesthood gives them something they feel responsible for. It is that responsibility that often will motivate them to work and become better. The Priesthood is meant to serve and many women are conscious of others and are willing to serve without having the responsibility of the Priesthood. I don't know if I'm explaining this part well, but I feel men need the Priesthood to become better people and active members in the Church and to help them be aware of the needs of others. The Priesthood teaches them to be kind and forgiving of others.
Now back to the definition. The Priesthood is the power of God. Well what can God do? We know that with the Priesthood God created the world. What office in the Priesthood allows men to create? None of them. Men and women can create--life, buildings, roads, computers, furniture, a home... For some of those, both a man and a woman is needed and for others, one can do it based on their talents. God can do other things as well. The Priesthood callings given to men revolve around the power to perform ordinances and to speak for God and lead His Church. Lets analyze those backwards.
Lead His Church. A Prophet is called. This is a man. Why? I don't know. Maybe because He symbolizes Christ (a man). Maybe because He can perform any saving ordinance. Maybe because men need to learn how to lead. Maybe so that by becoming responsible for so many, their hearts grow. Maybe women don't need that. But for whatever reason, the Prophet is a man. But the Prophet calls a General Relief Society Board and Young Womens Board and Primary which is usually full of women. So women are needed to lead, in local branches all the way up to the top. But the man is the head- whether it's because they need to grow the most, because they perform any saving ordinance or because they represent Christ or another reason, this is the case.
To speak for God. This kind of goes hand in hand with the previous statement. Any woman (or man) can speak for God in reference to those for whom she is responsible as designated by her family or calling.
The power to perform ordinances. Men perform baptisms and confirmations. They bless and pass the Sacrament. They can perform temple ordinances (including initiatories and endowments). But wait a second.... I'm a woman. I worked in the temple. I was not given the Priesthood. I was set apart, but the same as I am when I become a teacher or ward greeter. Yet, as a temple worker I performed initiatories and endowments for women. How is this possible unless I have the Priesthood? It isn't.
My conclusion: Women have the Priesthood. I may never be a deacon, teacher, priest or elder. I do not know what my calling within the Priesthood is called, but I have the power of God in me. And it's not just about bearing children. Perhaps I am capable of all that a man is. Perhaps I am not allowed to do certain things because just as men need to learn to serve, I need to learn to depend on them. But I am allowed to do a great many things, and just because it is different or not publicly recognized (welcome to motherhood) does not mean that I do not have the power of God in me. But everyone needs to learn to step up and become the best they can be. Perhaps if women were to claim the Priesthood- the same Priesthood that men have, the men would not step up... or not enough would... and then there would be 80 women to 20 men in the Celestial Kingdom....
One last thing to consider- in the world we have doctors. Doctors can save lives and perform surgeries on others. They cannot perform surgeries on themselves (yes I've seen shows where they take a bullet out themselves or sew themselves up or direct someone else but they cannot perform in depth surgeries on themselves alone.) In the world is it more important that everyone becomes a doctor or that everyone has access to a good doctor that their lives may be saved and they can receive proper care and be healthy? I think it's the same with the Priesthood. I may have some of the power of God within me, but regardless of that, it is not as important who the doctor is (who holds the Priesthood) as it is important for everyone to be able to be blessed by the doctors (Priesthood). Just as doctors cannot perform surgery on themselves, neither can the Priesthood be used by oneself for their personal gain. And unlike doctors, there is no money or prestige to be made by holding the Priesthood. It may seem like there's prestige because we honor and know who holds the Priesthood, but I would argue that we only know them so we know where to turn for help and blessings and so that the Church stays a Church of order. Matthew 23:11, "But he that is greatest among you shall be your servant."
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